Eurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201Using of Activated Carbon Adsorption in Wastewater Industries2914728810.22034/jchemlett.2022.334692.1059ENAmin AhmadpourNational Petrochemical Company, Research and Technology Company, IranJournal Article20220319Use of activated carbon in waste water treatment is not a new idea, therefore since 1935 experience has been gained in its use to increases the coagulation and flocculation of solids, anaerobic digestion of sludge and for removal of water from it. Experience has shown that activated carbon powder as an additive at the time of addition of hydraulic load of waste water, results in the compression of sludge and facilitates the removal of water from it. In these experiments the usefulness of Powered Activated Carbon (PAC) is determined, but due to economical and the fact that high degree of treatment was not required, this was not fully accepted. In the past use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) was more popular compared to its powered type, and it also had higher efficiency. In this article, initially a literature review of work done on the use of Activated Carbon Powder and the trend of growth in its use and the modifications made during last few years in the world and Iran and finally various experiments performed on activated carbon pilot unit at one of the petro-chemical units in Iran, in order to analyze the usefulness of this material in waste water treatment. In addition, two type of commercial activated carbon powder were used from two different suppliers giving different results, the reason for these different results was also analyzed and this difference in result was attributed to different constituents. For every experiment 4kg of activated carbon was used in the pilot plant column. The samples for experiment were taken from the exit stream from the clarifier. Results were obtained for effect of parameters such as inlet volumetric flow rate of waste water and activated carbon structure on its performance.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_147288_c072db77a2a42ea292b2d995c6917c1c.pdfEurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201Investigation of the Application of Zeolites in the Adsorption Mechanism101914918010.22034/jchemlett.2022.338590.1068ENRozita KavianiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20220421Zeolites are a group of hydrated aluminosilicates crystallized with fine pores that contain equilibrium cations of alkaline and alkaline earth metals (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) and reversibly absorb and release water. One of their characteristics is that they are able to reabsorb and re-release water and exchange some of their own building cations without major changes in their building. The presence of metals in the water of rivers and seawater poses a serious threat to the health of the aquatic community, the most common of which is damage to the gills of fish. Metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, nickel, chromium, zinc, mercury, iron are known as heavy metals. These metals tend to accumulate in environmental systems and seriously contaminate soil and water, which can be harmful to humans, animals and plants even in low concentrations. Unlike biodegradable organic matter, metal ions are not removed from aquatic ecosystems by natural processes, which encourages scientists to develop new methods for removing heavy metal ions from water. As a result, in many countries, laws have been introduced to control water pollution. Various regulatory bodies have set maximum limits for the discharge of toxic heavy metals into aquatic systems. However, metal ions with a much higher concentration than usual are discharged into the water by industrial activities, leading to health hazards and environmental degradation.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_149180_4f6562e9c1165b7f5c6c818063be253c.pdfEurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201Levels, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Varieties of Cereal in Yobe State, Nigeria202914407410.22034/jchemlett.2022.278557.1028ENJoseph ClementAkanDepartment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of MaiduguriJournal Article20210327Cereal (corn, guinea corn and millet) samples from Bade and Karasuwa Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria were collected for analysis of PAHs using GC/MS. The highest total mean concentration value of PAHs (1.56E-06 mg/kg) was observed in corn from Mashayan Bululu agricultural location, while millet from Wachakal Ngurodi agricultural location shows the lowest total concentration value of 7.93E-10 mg/kg. The levels of all the sixteen PAHs in the cereal samples were below the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs). Data obtained from cancer risk assessment in cereal samples were below the regulatory standard cancer risk values of 10-5. The highest average daily dose values in cereals from all the six agricultural locations were recorded in guinea corn from Mashayan Bululu agricultural location, while the lowest average daily dose values were observed in millet from Wachakal Ngurodi agricultural location in Bade and Karasuwa Local Govenrment areas respectively. The non-carcinogenic PAHs through the consumption of corn, guinea corn and millet from the study agricultural locations produced hazard quotient and hazard index of less than 1, which is the level described by USEPA as having no appreciable risk for the development of non-cancer health effects. Results from ILCRs was less than 10−4 and shows no health risk for now. However, continuous monitoring of PAHs in the cereals is necessary to identify the fate of PAHs and their effects on the residents that depends on these cereals as food.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_144074_98c49780e70221b4dbd6b0d7fa2bd82a.pdfEurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201Phytochemical, Heavy Metals and Antimicrobial Study of the Leaves of Calopogonium mucunoides303714684610.22034/jchemlett.2022.327443.1049ENEbuka CEmenikeNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NigeriaChukwuebuka OnyemaNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NigeriaJournal Article20220131According to the World Health Organization, 80% of the world population use medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases, and this number is even higher in African countries. Medicinal plants are defined as any plants which contain substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes in one or more of its organs. In this study, the phytochemical, heavy metals, and antimicrobial characteristics of the leaves of Calopogonium mucunoides, a popular plant in Nigeria’s folk medicine, were investigated in other to determine its therapeutic potentials. The phytochemicals present in the leaves were extracted with n-hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate, and the extracts were used to investigate for the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract was used to test for the concentration of five heavy metals. The result of the phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids in various quantities. The heavy metals analysis result revealed the presence of lead (0.08 mg/kg) and iron (0.08 mg/kg) well below the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization for heavy metals in plants, while cadmium, nickel and zinc were found to be below detectable limits. The extracts were tested against thirteen human pathogens (ten bacteria and three fungi) using the disk diffusion method. The extracts possessed a broad range of microbial activities, with the methanolic extract reportedly showing the highest zone of inhibition (31 mm) against Bacillus sp. while the n-hexane extract did not show any antimicrobial activity in the whole test organisms. The results obtained revealed that the leaves of C. mucunoides has some therapeutic values and could be exploited in the preparation of herbal drugs for the treatment various ailments.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_146846_8b50bd103153651a7a1d1764195d677b.pdfEurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201In-silico screening, molecular docking, pharmacokinetics studies and design of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anti-Alzheimer agents384514879510.22034/jchemlett.2022.335742.1063ENABDULJELIL AjalaNo I.3 Galadimawa Street, Kakuri, Kduna State, Nigeria.0000-0002-9823-8847Adamu UzairuChemistry, Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria0000-0002-6973-6361Gideon AdamuShallangwaDepartment of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University0000-0002-0700-9898Stephen EyijeAbechiChemistry, Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria0000-0002-1875-2361Journal Article20220405Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex illness mechanism and an untreatable ailment that presently brings huge sorrow to patients and their relatives. Presently, the cure for this disease is zero. The existing drugs have several side effects. Therapeutic Chemistry, a vital field of research, has been working tirelessly to develop new treatments that can be effective in curing this disease. Design, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic assessment (ADMET) methods are used to determine and confirm the sturdy configuration of the receptor pocket. 16 Histone Deacetylase inhibitors have been docked with the acetylcholinesterase target for protein-ligand interaction. Compound 2 was found to possess the highest binding scores of 19.758 kcal/mol. This was used as a template to design several HDAC derivatives, but seven of the designed compounds had higher binding scores and better interaction than the template; 1:-20.031 kcal/mol, 2:-20.583 kcal/mol, 3:-19.925 kcal/mol, 4:-21.639 kcal/mol, 5:-21.950 kcal/mol, 6:-19.917 kcal/mol, and 7:-23.289 kcal/mol. The pharmacokinetics evaluation of these designed compounds (ADMET) results showed good drug-likeness and oral bioavailability scores. Based on the binding affinity scores of the designed compounds against AD, the designed compounds have superior pharmacological characteristics and can be used as neuro-therapeutic candidates after rigorous in-silico investigation.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_148795_932bfe544156a33d07f6233812c3e85f.pdfEurasian Science Society (ESS)Journal of Chemistry Letters2821-01233120220201In-silico modeling of inhibitory activity and toxicity of some indole derivatives towards designing highly potent dengue virus serotype 2 NS4B inhibitors.465615230810.22034/jchemlett.2022.336894.1065ENSamuel NDAGHIYAAdawaraDepartment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.0000-0002-8789Gideon AdamuShallangwaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.0000-0002-0700-9898Paul AndrewMamzaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.Ibrahim AbdulkadirDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.0000-0002-4025-1889Journal Article20220410The global prevalence of dengue virus (DENV) infection has become a source of great concern to humanity. As such, infection, if left untreated, could progress to a life-threatening stage called dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. A large percentage of the world's population could be at risk of being infected by the dengue virus. The DENV NS4B receptor is essential in viral replication and hence could in principle be suitable as a therapeutic target in the treatment of dengue viral infection. The augmentation of existing agents that could inhibit the dengue virus is important. In this research, various classes of molecular descriptors were generated. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies (QSARs) have been conducted to correlate the molecular properties of some indole derivatives with their anti-dengue activity and toxicity. The inhibitory activity and toxicity prediction models were statistically valid and robust, with acceptable statistical validation factors such as predicted R<sup>2</sup><sub>pred.</sub>, adjusted R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj., </sub>cross-validated Q<sup>2</sup> and R<sup>2 </sup>regression coefficient, etc. (R<sup>2</sup><sub>pred.</sub> = 0.64448, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.59223, cR= 0.57134, Q<sup>2</sup><sub>CV </sub>= 0.64448, R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.63201) and (R<sup>2</sup><sub>pred.</sub> = 0.81813, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.56015, cR= 0.5386, Q2CV = 0.50548,<sub> </sub>R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.60645), respectively. The models revealed that the average Broto-Moreau autocorrelation-lag 7/weighted by first ionization potential (AATS7i), number of hydrogen bond acceptors (nHBAcc) for activity and 3D topological distance-based autocorrelation-lag 9/weighted by van der Waals volumes (TDB9v) descriptors were found to strongly influence the anti-dengue biological activity (pEC<sub>50</sub>) and toxicity (pCC<sub>50</sub>) of the indole derivatives, respectively. The indole derivatives were predicted to be orally bioavailable with excellent gastrointestinal absorption (94.044–90.219%). The DENV-2 NS4B inhibitory activity, as well as the cytotoxicity of indole derivatives with no experimental data, could be predicted with high precision using the models developed, which could further lead to a cut in experimental cost as well as the design of highly potent and less toxic derivatives.https://www.jchemlett.com/article_152308_53fa962f765ad2cfe88f991997912fd4.pdf